Stem cell therapy and immune cell therapy are the two basic types of cell therapy. Embryonic tissue, foetal tissue, adult organisms, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are all sources of stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and adult stem cells are two types of stem cells that differ in developmental stage. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and pluripotent iPSCs are two examples of PSCs. The use of iPSCs was, however, constrained by the ethical concerns with ESCs and the potential for reproductive cloning and tumour development. Adult stem cells, which include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), among others, transcend the drawbacks of PSCs and have important therapeutic effects in autoimmune, cardiovascular, and neurological illnesses. Additionally, immune cell treatment, which includes T-cell receptor modified T-cell immunotherapy (TCR-T) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T), has showed promise in treating multiple myeloma, various haematologic malignancies, as well as some solid tumours. Under the advancement of current science and technology, cell treatments have a significant untapped potential.

Cell treatment still has drawbacks in practise, including adverse effects, inflammatory factor storms brought on by heightened immune responses, and subpar results in some patients. Therefore, mixing it with other medications might be a strategy to address this issue. With drawbacks including toxicity and high cost, protein cytokines and antibodies have also been widely utilised in cell culture and clinical treatment. Therefore, a potential strategy at the moment is to search for alternative plant extracts that may be employed as adjuvant medicines and growth factors in cell therapy. Plant extracts, which are mostly obtained from herbal plants and contain volatile oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other bioactive small molecules, are one of them. In particular for cancer and infectious disorders, plant extracts are crucial in the treatment of disease. Traditional medicine has employed herbal therapy for a long time to cure a number of ailments. Herbal medication is both inexpensive and safe. It has a considerable impact on reducing patient disease and is a promising alternative strategy. As a result, research into the effects of plant extracts in cell therapy and the identification of active plant extracts in herbal medicines can help guide the development of adjuvant therapies that combine cell therapy and other therapies. Plant extracts, which are mostly obtained from herbal plants and contain volatile oils, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other bioactive small molecules, are one of them. In particular for cancer and infectious disorders, plant extracts are crucial in the treatment of disease. Traditional medicine has employed herbal therapy for a long time to cure a number of ailments. Herbal medication is both inexpensive and safe. It has a considerable impact on reducing patient disease and is a promising alternative strategy. As a result, research into the effects of plant extracts in cell therapy and the identification of active plant extracts in herbal medicines can help guide the development of adjuvant therapies that combine cell therapy and other therapies. Salvinolic acid B's impact on mouse NSC differentiation, proliferation, and neurite development was examined in one study. The right amount of salvianolic acid B improved the quality of NSCs and neurospheres and sped up the process of NSCs differentiating into neurons and growing neurites.

The proliferation-inducing effect of 45 different TCM substances that are often used in China's clinical stroke treatment. Rhodiola rosea L. is a plant from which the chemical salindroside is derived. By boosting miR-210 and suppressing BTG3 and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway, it can prevent hypoxic NSCs damage. Through preventing the cell cycle, berberine has a protective effect on cells exposed to OGD. It can upregulate PI3K and Akt and downregulate cyclin D1, p53, caspase 3, and phosphorylate p-Bad/tBad. The differentiation of iPSCs into nerve cells can be induced by plant extracts. Salvia miltiorrhiza has the ability to greatly boost the expression of the genes and proteins for nestin and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), as well as to stimulate the differentiation of iPSCs into neurons. Additionally, plant extracts had a better impact on the nerve cell model developed from iPSCs. From Angelica Sinensis, n-butylidenephthalide (n-BP) is derived. In iPSCs-derived neurons produced by Down syndrome, N-BP can diminish A40 deposits, total tau protein, and its hyperphosphorylated form. A type of immunotherapy known as adoptive cell therapy (ACT) uses genetically altered T cells to deliver a CAR or TCR. To some extent, altered cancer cells produce a large number of peptides that are not present in healthy cells. This presents a potential target for developing a new antigen screening system and encourages the development of ACT, making CAR-T and TCR-T therapy the most promising form of cancer treatment. However, ACT treats different tumour types very differently, and there are still certain areas that could use better.

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